A Trully Hero Odysseus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2015 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Odyssey Essay Did you like this example? The Odyssey, created by Gareth Hinds is a translation based on Homers epic poem, and it is a graphic novel telling the story of Odysseus, a mortal man and the King of Ithaca. He leaves for the Trojan War when his son, Telemachus, is only a baby. Odysseus and his crew confront a lot of problems, but most of time, always find a way to escape them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Trully Hero Odysseus" essay for you Create order When his crew makes a fatal mistake though, Odysseus finds himself trapped on the island of Ogygia, and home of the Nymph Calypso. The poem tells of his hardships trapped by Calypso to when he defeats the suitors that infest his home. Odysseus gets help by the gods to help him escape this land in which he is trapped. The gods dont always help him though. He has struggles with some of these gods on his way back to his homeland where suitors ask for his wifes hand in marriage: due to Odysseus appearing dead to many. Through this hardship, Odysseus expresses many values in the Odyssey to himself and his comrades: suggesting that he is a hero. A hero in modern times is considered to be a person with exceptional courage, achievements, and noble qualities according to merriam-webster.com. Two values truly show that he is a hero for our times: his great leadership through tough times and his great use of self-control. Odysseus encounters many hardships along the way of returning home, and even when he arrives home, but no matter the hardship Odysseus shows exceptional leadership to the people he leads, showing a great quality for a hero in our times. One of these situations is shown when Odysseus and his men get trapped in the cave of Poseidons son, the cyclops Polyphemus. When Polyphemus realizes that Odysseus and his men are trapped in his cave, he has the intention to eat every one of them. Odysseus knows that he will not stop no matter what they do, and hell never let them go: After devouring two of my men, the cyclops lay down to sleep. He [does] not fear us, for even if we could kill him, we could not possibly move that giant stone. We [are] trapped (98). Odysseus then knows the only thing to do is to devise a plan to escape the cave with his crew. Odysseus comes up with the plan after four of his men are devoured, but he wants to make a flawless plan that will get as many of his crew out that he possibly can. Odysseus follows through with the plan after two more of his crew are devoured: first he gives Polyphemus the strong wine. Polyphemus seems to like the wine and wants to give a Odysseus a gift: Your gift, [Odysseus], is that I will eat you last! (101). This truly highlights that Odysseus needs to make the plan right, or Polyphemus would truly kill them in the harshest way. The wine makes Polyphemus fall asleep, and gives Odysseus time to poke his eye with a sharpened hot log. This causes him to scream in pain, calling Odysseus by his given name, Nobody: Nobody! Nobodys trying to kill me! (104). When no one responds do to Odysseus trickery, Polyphemus finds the boulder blocking the exit and moves it: this was Odysseus plan. He and his crew also have to get past the cyclops, and so they attach themselves to the bottom of the Polyphemus fleecy rams. This allows them to slip right past him, and allowing them to escape. Although some of his men die, Odysseus acts as quickly as he can to form a perfect plan that allows most to escape unharmed. This truly shows that Odysseus is a great leader and is never willing to give up on him and his comrades, and he is always willing to lead even under the worst of circumstances. Another example of Odysseus great leadership is shown when Odysseus has to confront Scylla. Odysseus knows that Scylla, the six-headed monster, will kill and devour six of his men. Odysseus also knows that fighting back against the creature wont pay off, and all the creature would do is continue to devour his men. Odysseus asks if he can defeat Scylla, Circe respond s, Stubborn old campaigner, put that idea out of your mind. She is too terrible by far. If you stop to fight, she will take six more [of your men]. No, tell your men to row for their lives. That is your only chance (138). Odysseus chooses to listen to Circes warning words and keeps the crew in the dark about the creature: this is because it would cause them to freeze up allowing more of his men to get devoured by Scylla. Even though he knows he cant defend his men entirely, he still arms himself to possibly protect his men. When Scylla attacks, only six of his men were devoured. Although, it was still six and not zero, and he still has the best intention to protect his men from all that may harm them. Also, the first six men he has no control over, and he does his best to not lose any more. Another example of Odysseus appearing to be a exceptional leader is when he leads his men to victory against the suitors. Odysseus is looking to take vengeance on the suitors for taking advantage of his home and trying to take his wifes hand in marriage. He wants to make sure that failure isnt an option. He spends a long time disguised as the stranger who begs and only gives news of Odysseus. Little did anyone know that he is Odysseus. He tells Telemachus of his return and gets everything ready for the fight. He has every advantage against the suitors, and one example of this is said by Odysseus during the meeting with Telemachus: When it is time, I will give you a nod. At that signal, gather up all of the weapons in the hall and lock them in the store room (168). Odysseus takes every possible outcome and does his best to combat that bad outcome from occuring. When this battle takes place, you can see that the planning pays off. Odysseus takes time to prep, leading his people to victory with those advantages. If he just ran into the fight with his comrades and no advantages, his leadership would look poor do to the vast majority of people against them. He could have lost many more men do to a lack of carelessness. These examples show a clear pattern of Odysseus showing exceptional leadership skills. Leadership, in terms of today, is looked upon as a great trait for that o f hero. Some may argue that he isnt a good leader do to the fact that he loses many men. In some of these situations, he cant prevent losing some men, but instead makes sure that he can save as many, if not all, of his men from danger. This shows Odysseus to be a great leader and a hero for our times. Odysseus has many points in the epic poem when he could have ran straight into conflict or could have been reckless, but he takes that and does just the opposite. Odysseus great use of self control in these situations help him to being a great hero for our times. One example of this heroic trait is shown when Odysseus takes his time to strike against Polyphemus. Odysseus knows when Polyphemus eats two of his men that hes be trapped, but he takes time to think of a plan that would help him and his crew escape with as little casualty as possible: [Odysseus] racked [his] brain for a plan that would let us escape alive from the clutches of that brute (99). If Odysseus were to simply attack Polyphemus without self-control to think of a flawless plan: he would have lost many lives. This is bad in itself, but they also wouldnt have been able to move the boulder. This could lead to starvation and more death. Odysseus self-control in this situation keeps him from being reckless which would not make him a hero for our times. Secondly, Odysseus appears as the stranger for a good amount of the epic poem. This is to make sure that he is concealed from the suitors and even the people that he knows. This gives him the time he truly needs to plan against the suitors. Odysseus then comes out of the stranger to Telemachus, who will help him with his plan. Odysseus says, No questions yet [Telemachus]. I must make a plan to slay the vermin who infest my palace [. . .] (167). This quote truly shows that he wants to make a perfect plan, and this is shown because he will not even take questions from his son that hes been away from for so many years. Hes so set on making a perfect plan that he completely ignores his sons possible questions. He wants to make sure the suitors pay as soon as possible with a perfect plan and no room for failure. After the meeting with Telemachus, Odysseus goes back into the form of the stranger. This shows that Odysseus is truly using self-control and, like he said, make a plan to slay the [suitors] who infest my palace. Odysseus even goes into his home as the stranger and sees what the suitors do to others and his very own wife. Even when, he still keeps to his character. This truly shows that Odysseus is wanting the advantages and using self-control, and making him look even more like a hero for our times. Lastly, during the fight against the suitors, Odysseus comes across two innocent men that were within his home during the time he was away. One of the men is the bard, Phemius, and another man named Medon the herald. Both of these men do nothing to throw down the name of Odysseus. Neither of them take advantage of his wife or the vast amount of food offered. Odysseus could have killed them along with the rest of the suitors and not hear their pleas, but he did hear their pleas: King Odysseus, I [Phemius] throw myself on you mercy. I am a minstrel, gifted by the gods with song. I never wanted to come here but was forced by the suitors (226). Telemachus also stands by their pleas saying, Dont kill him! [Phemius] speaks truly (226). This shows exceptional self-control in Odysseus based mainly on the fact that he could ignore them and just kill them. Instead though, he takes time to hear them out and spare them due to keeping honor to Odysseuss name. With all of these pieces of evidence along with many other examples of his exceptional self-control, I can conclude that Odysseus having this trait helps him look like a hero. This is also the case for our times, self control in the modern day is much va lued in a hero, and since Odysseus has this and shows it often he looks like a hero for our times. Odysseus being a hero in our times is quite a hard thing to distinguish on both sides as what he is more of, but his great self control and his great leadership truly shine a light on him being a great hero and role model for our times in the United States. Both of these qualities are looked for in people of our times. A hero is a person of exceptional noble qualities, courage and achievements. Odysseus has many noble qualities, and two being his self-control and leadership. Odysseus also is mainly recognised for contributing in the victory of the Trojan War and his story. He goes through many hardships with the gods and pays vengeance to the people that take advantage of his wife and his home. He also shows courage in the many things he does to make it back to his home and fight when he gets there. Odysseus shows all the traits of being a great hero in modern times, and he truly is one.

Brain-Based Learning and Teaching - 1748 Words

Throughout the course of history many people in time had no idea that many creatures of life had brains. With remarkable breakthroughs in technology and through human ability to take pictures of the human brain through head scans, scientists have discovered and mapped out the human brain. As neuroscientists understand how the brain works, discovery of brain-based learning has been a growing field ever since. Education is extremely important for human beings because the more educated we are as a society the better we contribute to society. Knowledge is extremely powerful and as a future educator, understanding how the brain works and developing lesson plans surrounding the inner workings of the brain will allow learning to manifest in the†¦show more content†¦I shadowed a teacher at a local area high school who taught biology for a straight week for field experience. I was utterly shocked as I sat there the entire time without ever moving from my seat for six hours. I did get up and go to the faculty room to eat lunch just so I could stretch. I realized then, how important movement was in a classroom. For these high school students, the ability to take a five minute walk from one classroom to another classroom was probably the highlight of their past fifty minutes. Education is not simply just sitting in a classroom and acting like a coral reef sponge soaking up and digesting the waves of information flowing from the mouth of a teacher. Learning is an active process therefore students should be active in learning. The senses incorporated in the classroom are also vital in the success of active learning in the classroom. Humans have five senses, unless you are Haley Joel Osment and have a sixth one that allows you to see ghosts, but five nonetheless. Sight, touch, taste, sound, and smell are all located in different parts or lobes of the brain. All the senses are intertwined with memory in the brain. 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When this occurs, students are unable to take in the necessary concepts being taught to them and therefore, create an attitude towards learning that lacks academic drive andRead MoreThe Hemispheres of the Brain: Differences in Traits and Learning1815 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Hemispheres of the Brain: Differences in Traits Learning Abstract The human brain is a wondrous invention that has many scientists and researchers very busy to this very day. There are numerous qualities about the brain humans know about, yet there are still a great number of mysteries to the brain and how it functions left to be discovered and shared. Some facts scientists do know about the brain is that it is divided into to primary sections, called hemispheres. Each person has a leftRead MoreCognitive Information Processing Versus Brain-Based Learning970 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Information Processing Versus Brain-Based Learning Carla A. 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From this point, Id be exploring the reasons why a thematic approach should be adoptedRead MoreThe 12 Principles And Its Implications For Brain Based Instruction1311 Words   |  6 Pages12 principles synthesize research related to the brain and learning from many disciplines and present it in a form that is useful to educators. These functions can be used a theoretical foundation for brain based learning and offer guidelines and a frame work for teaching and learning. The following are the 12 principles and its implications for brain based instruction 1. ( Each Brain is Unique) Every brain is uniquely organized: Teaching should be multifaceted for English learners and expressRead MoreThe Left Brain vs. The Right Brain: How Does This Impact Learning;810 Words   |  4 Pagesof their brains? Or that you’re a right or left brain thinker? Well there has been a lot of research done to figure out exactly how to figure what side of the brain you think with most and how our brain functions and operates. Doctors, scientists and psychologists have all looked deep into the brains anatomy to help figure out the different functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and how to identify dominant learning styles and characteristics. â€Å"The side of the brain we tendRead MoreTeaching Strategies When Dealing With The Adolescent Brain.1175 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Strategies when dealing with the adolescent brain The adolescent brain is still in the development process and will therefore require compatible strategies for learning. Research has shown that the brain undergoes a period of increased production of gray-matter during early adolescence. Nerve impulses are generated by the gray matter which handles processing of the brain’s information, while white matter transfers brain information from one lobe to another and then out to the spinal cord

Counselling Journal of College Student Psychotherapy

Question: Discuss about theCounsellingfor Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. Answer: Introduction This write-up strives to provide a reflective summary of premarital counselling survey gathered from 54 participants that include both male and female. It would further analyse the data and support the analysis with ideas obtained from already available and relevant literature. There are 15 questions that include demographic and non-demographic data sets. The 1st question enables the researcher to understand the numbers of male and female participants, who have come for a premarital counselling. This would inform whether female or male population seeks more support prior their marriage. This indicates either male or female needs more support during their transition of life or seeks more satisfaction from marital life. The survey demonstrates majority of the male opted for premarital counselling in Singapore. Martino, (2008) in this regard have mentioned that premarital counselling could be opted by any one, irrespective of the gender and geographical location that is not necessarily indicates any particular gender in terms of premarital counselling. The next question was asked to understand the participants age. The survey included participants ranging from 21 to 65years. The majority of the participants has fallen under the age group of 31-40years. This indicates that individuals fallen within this age group are less likely to divorce, try to understand and avoid the causes of conflicts in a later phase of life. Fark?ndal, (2010) opined that premarital counselling help to identify certain issues, which are irreconcilable that would further support the individuals decide not to marry. The 3rd question demonstrates that the majority of the married individuals has come for premarital counselling, which reflects a feeling of dissatisfaction from a previous marriage. However, it could not be presumed if these individuals have undergone a premarital counselling session earlier that has emerged to be unsuccessful. The majority of the participants has agreed to the fact that they are aware of premarital counselling that further support trust and awareness of the advantages of premarital counselling. This data could further be supported by Fawcett et al. (2010), who stated that people in Singapore are aware of the programs and courses (relationship and prevention enhancement program, marriage program for citizen-foreigner couples) offered by the Ministry of Family and Social Development ("Preparing for Marriage", 2016). A qualitative question on the significance of premarital counselling shows individual participants have their own perceptions and beliefs regarding counselling. Participants believe that counselling evaluates the relationship, prepares mentally, reveals the expectations of marriage, manage expectations, develops better understanding between the two, and involves spiritual aspects and so on. Fark?ndal (2010) opined that counselling is a process to enrich and enhance premarital associations that lead to more stable and satisfactory marriages and prevent divorce. It is evident that the majority of the respondents has not opted for premarital counselling before. From this it could be mentioned that for better marital life, majority of them have opted for counselling. Majority of the respondents do not know anyone already undergo counselling and have a successful marriage. However, just 1% of the participants mentioned that they know people who receive no fruitful marriage counselling. 35% agreed with positive result of counselling prior marriage. Yilmaz Kalkan, (2010) in their study demonstrated that 87% individuals agreed to the positive results of counselling. On the other hand, some believe that results of counselling emerge to be effective after the first few years of marriage. This is because after few years it becomes easy for the individuals to forget about each other needs that further gives rise to various conflicts. Almost 72% of the participants believe that counselling leads to marital satisfaction. Mirecki et al., (2013) have explored that higher level of satisfaction from marriage is achieved after second marriage and the factors associated with this are increased experience and education. So, the study provides a strong support that premarital counselling leads to marital satisfaction. Majority of the respondents has denied the fact that finding premarital counselling services in Singapore is difficult. This further shows that individuals seek for premarital counselling and adequate supports are available in Singapore. While analysing the factors that are highly associated with marital conflicts, it is seen that people have voted communication the higher among the three parameters (communication, money and sex). Lack of communication between individuals and their spouse may aggravate a simple situation. Mahaffey (2010) in this regard has stated that couples should keep a quality time to spend together and communicate more with each other to avoid the chance of miscommunication. Another qualitative question asked to the participants that enabled the researcher to understand their perception behind considering communication as a major issue. Majority of them believe that due to time mismanagement couples fall short to adequately communicate with each other that starts accumulating concerns between the two and basic needs are ignored. Majority of the responded denied the fact that premarital counselling should be done as a consequence of religion. Kellems et al., (2010) in this regard have mentioned that religion has no direct linkage. However, if two individuals are from different religion then there might be a need to help them to recognize common problems in order to solve them. Majority of the respondents believe that six months before marriage is the best time to go for premarital counseling. This could be because couples receive more time to work on their crisis or try to seek help from counselor considering particular issues (Yilmaz Kalkan, 2010). They could also decide on whether they want to be or not to be in the relationship in future. Participants believe that more than 4-6sessions are necessary for premarital counseling. This is probably due to the notion that more sessions would provide the couples with chances to solve encountered issues by visiting the counsellor (Mahaffey, 2010). Participants agreed to the fact that they would recommend premarital counseling to their friends and families, who are planning to get married due to positive consequences of counseling sessions, which include increase in effective communication, spending more time together, take active part in solving issues mutually that would reduce the chance of divorce, enhance and enrich marital life. References Fark?ndal, E. . G. D. (2010). Awareness of Premarital Genetic Counselling among Youth Corpers in South-West Nigeria.TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin,9(6), 575-578. Fawcett, E. B., Hawkins, A. J., Blanchard, V. L., Carroll, J. S. (2010). Do Premarital Education Programs Really Work? A Meta?analytic Study.Family Relations,59(3), 232-239. Kellems, I. S., Hill, C. E., Crook-Lyon, R. E., Freitas, G. (2010). Working with clients who have religious/spiritual issues: A survey of university counseling center therapists.Journal of College Student Psychotherapy,24(2), 139-155. Mahaffey, B. A. (2010). Couples counseling directive technique: A (mis) communication model to promote insight, catharsis, disclosure, and problem resolution.The Family Journal,18(1), 45-49. Martino, S. (2008). "Relating" to each other: Couples' engagement in premarital counseling.Psyccritiques,53(43). https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012017 Mirecki, R. M., Chou, J. L., Elliott, M., Schneider, C. M. (2013). What factors influence marital satisfaction? Differences between first and second marriages.Journal of Divorce Remarriage,54(1), 78-93. Preparing for Marriage. (2016).MSF Corp Web. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://app.msf.gov.sg/Policies/Marriages/Preparing-for-Marriage Yilmaz, T., Kalkan, M. (2010). The Effects of a Premarital Relationship Enrichment Program on Relationship Satisfaction.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,10(3), 1911-1920.

A behaviourist’s approach to therapy free essay sample

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain maintain it. Discuss and a behaviourist’s approach in contrast to a psychoanalytic one. Introduction In this essay I will be demonstrating a knowledge of the main behaviourist principles and approach, and how they can be related to maladaptive behaviour. I will then compare this approach with the psychoanalytical approach, evaluating the different approaches and considering the ethical issues. Maladaptive behaviour and the Behaviourist principles Maladaptive behaviours refer to behaviours that inhibit a person’s ability to adjust to particular situations. This behaviour is often used to reduce one’s anxiety, but the result is dysfunctional and non-productive. For example, avoiding situations because you have unrealistic fears may initially reduce the anxiety, but is non-productive in alleviating the actual problem long term. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on A behaviourist’s approach to therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. Behaviourists are unique among psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes. The behaviourist theory believes that cultural and sub – cultural conditioning moulds and shapes behaviour and subsequently the personality. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. A human being, according to the behaviourist, has his life determined for him since he is the product of the culture that causes him to be as he is. The theory therefore, is very deterministic. To the behaviourist, normal behaviour results from acceptable conditioning and abnormal behaviour results from defective conditioning. The behaviourist isn’t concerned in what developmental processes may have influenced a person’s behaviour. They believe that if the patient is taught to understand his environment and how he interacts with it, he will automatically understand himself and his behaviour. The behaviourist functions from the position that if a neurotic behaviour can be learned, then it can be unlearned. In 1924, John Watson a behavioural psychologist, made the notorious claim in his book that ‘if you give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select’. This ideology, later to be called behaviourism, asserted that all psychology must be completely measurable, recordable and scientific. The fundamental principle underpinning this approach was that all behaviour, both ‘normal’ and abnormal, is learned through conditioning. In simpler terms, it proposed that human behaviour is learnt by humans interacting with the world around us as well as the environment operating on us. The development of ‘behaviourism’ at this point in history has since been viewed as a reaction to the psychoanalytical models of human development presented by Freud and the Neo- Freudians which at the time challenged and confused many and appeared to lack scientific rigour. Behaviour Therapies: CAT stands for Cognitive Analytic Therapy and CBT for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. There are similarities between these therapies – both are brief therapies with a limit on the number of sessions; both will offer a focus on a limited range of goals and may use similar ways of helping you keep track of your difficulties, e.g. keeping a diary of a particular problem you want to tackle or how you are making changes. Both are collaborative approaches – working actively with the therapist on your difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) CBT can help you to change how you think (Cognitive) and what you do (Behaviour). These changes can help you to feel better. Unlike some of the other talking treatments, it focuses on the here and now problems and difficulties. Instead of focusing on the causes of your distress or symptoms in the past, it looks for ways to improve your state of mind now. Behaviourism is practical; it concerns itself with behaviours that are incompatible with local community standards. Although there may be causative factors that underlay the target behaviour, (such as emotions like anxiety or anger), behaviourism assumes they do not exist. CBT has been shown to help with many different types of problems. These include: anxiety, depression, panic, phobias (including agoraphobia and social phobia), stress, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and psychosis. CBT may also help if you have difficulties with anger, a low opinion of yourself or physical health problems, like pain or fatigue. CBT can help you to make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts. This makes it easier to see how they are connected and how they affect you. These are:   A Situation a problem, event or difficult situation. From this can follow: Thoughts Emotions Physical feelings Actions Each of these areas can affect the others. How you think about a problem can affect how you feel physically and emotionally. People referred for CBT may have been diagnosed with disorders such as anxiety, panic, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder etc. CBT has specific, research proven ways of working with such clients using different techniques appropriate for their presentation. People who want to work with their therapist on actively changing their problems tend to do well here. Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) On the other hand, CAT works more interpersonally on relevant, jointly identified issues by creating a working relationship between client and clinician where together they: describe the issues affecting the client  aim to understand their origins in previous relationships and experiences, and importantly, use the relationship between the client and therapist to reflect on how those learnt ways of being take place both in and out of the therapy room: the aim here is to practise both recognition (awareness) and change, both in and out of the room then work focuses on changes that the clien t wants to make now that they feel they have a description and an understanding that makes good sense to them CAT offers a safe and clinically effective therapy intervention for people who wish to work through these underlying issues. Sometimes, people who have symptoms of, for example, anxiety or depression, have a history of abuse, trauma or neglect underlying their symptoms. A relationally focussed therapy like CAT can be helpful as it accesses and reflects on how the difficulties come up in normal life, and that includes the relationship between therapist and client: the goal here is to respectfully and progressively understand and name the difficulties together, as safely as possible. There is a great deal of research evidence to show that CBT works effectively in treating depression. This research has been carefully reviewed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE provides independent, evidence-based guidance for the NHS on the most effective ways to treat disease and ill health. CBT is recommended by NICE for the treatment of anxiety disorders. What can CBT help with? NICE recommends CBT in the treatment of the following conditions: anxiety disorders (including panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder) depression  obsessive compulsive disorder schizophrenia and psychosis bipolar disorder There is also good evidence that CBT is helpful in treating many other conditions, including: chronic fatigue behavioural difficulties in children anxiety disorders in children chronic pain physical symptoms without a medical diagnosis sleep difficulties anger management CBT can be used if you are on medication which has been prescribe d by your GP. You can also use CBT on its own. This will depend on the difficulty you want help with. CBT and eating disorders The eating disorders provide one of the strongest indications for CBT. Two considerations support this claim. First, the core psychopathology of eating disorders, the over evaluation of shape and weight, is cognitive in nature. Second, it is widely accepted that CBT is the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and there is evidence that it is as effective with cases of â€Å"eating disorder not otherwise specified† (eating disorder NOS), the most common eating disorder diagnosis Contrasting the behaviourist approach with a psychoanalytical (Freud/Jungian) one The main differences in approach can best be demonstrated when considering case examples the different behaviourist and psychoanalytical approach. The first example I would choose to help demonstrate this is a middle age woman â€Å"Mrs X†: Mrs X is happily married after an unpleasant childhood during which her mother committed suicide. Mrs X was subsequently bought up by an austere aunt. She does not work and has an 8 yr old daughter. Her husband is a banker and the family are well off, but he works long hours. Recently Mrs X has been feeling depressed and has secretly been drinking and indulging in shopping sprees to cheer herself up. With this client, a therapist adopting behaviourist approach may take the view that Mrs X failed to ‘reward’ herself and did not enjoy life, while living with her aunt. They may suggest that this pattern of behaviour has now persisted into adulthood, and the behaviour of drinking and shopping sprees could be seen as failed attempts to provide herself with ‘rewards’ now. Looking from a cognitive standpoint, the therapist would be interested in what she was thinking as well as feeling and behaving. However, those with a psychodynamic viewpoint would probably be very interested in the death of Mrs X’s mother and the poor support and comfort during childhood. From a psychodynamic perspective, Mrs X’s depression might be related to not being helped to grieve and the poor quality of substitute parenting. A humanist perspective would probably be interested in all aspects of Mrs X’s life, past and present. From a humanist perspective, Mrs X has never had the opportunity to develop a healthy self-image thus she may be unfulfilled and hence her depression might be seen as a lack of personal fulfilment. A second example, to enable me to contrast approaches, is â€Å"Mr Y† a middle aged man. Mr Y is in his forties and discovered he has a talent for jogging. He has entered the London Marathon and despite taking up the sport in recent times, he is tipped to do well. As the day approaches, he trains harder and harder. The only thing stopping him from being completely happy is that he is mourning for this best friend who dies recently from a heart attack. From a behaviourist perspective, the more Mr Y trains, the better he gets. Mr Y can see this, is gaining more energy, and is boosted by workmates comments. He has lost weight, and feels more attractive as a result. All these factors are reinforcing his running and encouraging him to continue. A cognitive aspproach may credit Mr Y in making a logical decision to improve his fitness following the realisation that he is now at an age when not keeping fit may damage his health. A psychodynamic approach might instead focus on the fact that Mr Y’s friend died recently and wonder whether his healthy new behaviour is a response to his own fear of dying. From a humanist perspective, Mr Y has discovered a talent in which he can fulfil himself as a person. Additionally, he is gaining positive regard from others which is boosting his self-esteem. This new found self-esteem is then further inspiring him to achieve all he can in his running. Evaluating the different approaches: To the hard-nosed scientist, the behaviourist approach is generally regarded as ‘good solid stuff’. Theories are easily testable and backed by large bodies of research. The principles can easily be applied in the real world. It emphasises the capacity to change, given an appropriate learning environment. A behaviourist perspective is optimistic and readily lends itself to giving practical help because it emphasises what can change. However, the behaviourist approach reduces the complexity of human behaviour to a few simple principles of learning. Thus, it largely ignores the importance of higher mental processes. From a psychodynamic perspective, behavioural approaches ignore the importance of relationships and the dynamics of families and groups within which learning takes place. CBT does not suit everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. The client needs to be committed and persistent in tackling and improving health problem with the help of the therapist, and they will be taken out of their comfort zone when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly benefited from a course of CBT. The aims of the behavioural psychology – to predict and control behaviour – are also regarded with some suspicion by many psychologists. Such techniques lend themselves equally easily to torture, brainwashing and political oppression. Kohn (1993) has objected to the behaviourist culture of reward and punishment in the workplace, comparing the regime with that of Skinner and his rats. Conclusion The behaviourist approach seems to be highly successful and influential, emphasising the importance of learning behaviour, and this approach places great emphasis on testable concepts and research. The behaviourist approach has many applications centering around powerful techniques for changing people’s behaviour, but the limitations in behaviourism in its purist form seem apparent and few therapists will describe themselves as pure behaviourists. Therefore, many therapists prefer to draw from several approaches to enable a wider understanding of human mind and behaviour, and hence a more expansive and encompassing treatment.

The Climatic Condition of San Francisco and Key West

Climate refers to the weather condition of a certain given area over a long period of time, usually after a period of 30 years. The climatic conditions are arrived at as a result of several factors such as nearness to large water bodies, latitudinal factors, the altitude patterns, human activities, the relief, and distance from the equator, direction of wind and the flow of ocean currents to a given area. This paper explores the climatic condition of the city of san fransisco, CA and Key West, Florida.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Climatic Condition of San Francisco and Key West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More San Francisco is a county in California State. It’s among the most populous regions in California with varied socio-cultural prospects and a robust economic platform. The city sits on the north of the peninsular where it borders Pacific Ocean and San Francisco bay to the west and northern end respectively. Francisco city is a renowned world’s tourist destined site, thanks to its exclusive prevailing weather patterns courtesy of the climatic condition. The climatic pattern is the Mediterranean climate; group Cs, which is a sub type of the temperate climate according to the koppen classification. Many factors contribute to the climatic condition. Due to proximity to sea, ocean currents flow to and fro thereby bringing about the cooling effect. It’s because of these cool currents that produce humid conditions of warmth and small variations of yearly temperatures. The city undergoes dry intervals between the May all the way to October then giving way to the start of the rains from November to the April. During the rainy period, rain falls slightly more than one week which makes about 5 percent of the annual total rainfall that occurs. The rain pattern is prompted by the air masses from the warm north-west front and the cold front from the Alaskan gulf. Thus, t he city endures a maximum average temperatures of 60Â º F and 70Â ºF and minimum of 50Â ºF and 55Â ºF during summer with cool sea breeze and foggy conditions .On the other hand, winter is characterized by much fog and even transport operations may be disrupted during such periods. The city also experiences the spring and fall seasons. At such times, the skies are usually clear during the shift from summer season to the more cold winter period defined by heavy rainy clouds. It is also during this period when dry offshore currents oust the sea currents from the pacific resulting in the alteration of temperature thereby making it the hottest period in San Francisco city. Due to latitudinal differences, the precipitation patterns of San Francisco vary from one area to the other. This is depicted by the relief of the area which anchors on the terrain, which is dotted with a number of hills. As a result, air from the pacific gets lifted upward over the high topographical features.Adve rtising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The outcome of such movement across the different contours between a maximum of 22Â ´ and 18Â ´ produces an effect of open variation in precipitation pattern. Precipitation patterns on an average yearly basis stands at about 500mm and certainly takes place from November through to April when rainfall is experienced and this is equivalent to 20 inches (Gabler 49). Vegetation refers to the plant concentration in an area. The topographic convention of San Francisco city is marked with several hills. The terrain and proximity to the sea front produce several features associated with a variety of native vegetation. These range from wild flowers to woodlands. Take for instance; areas close to the sea front is almost bare as it is mainly dotted by sand dunes. The numerous hilly areas typically are cooler thus the vegetation becomes denser .San Francisco is perc eived to be a major urban centre in California, unfortunately, the native vegetation is quietly and quickly giving way to the rapid urban expansion as a result of the human activities involved. San Francisco city’s climate can be described as, Csb according to the koppen climate classification system. Finally, Key West is a city in Monroe County; Florida. It covers Key West and stock isles. This city is also a major tourist destination due to its characteristics cruise ships. Its geographical map can be defined by 24Â º 33Â ´North and 81 Â º 03Â ´West with a maximum height above sea level standing at 6m or 18 feet. It’s also in this region that tropical cyclones are more prone because most of the topographical features sit at no more than 20 feet. This system affects wind movement and alters rainfall patterns which causes unpredictable warming of water surface thereby forcing moisture into the atmosphere through the immense energy produced hence causing tornadoes a nd even forest fires. The Florida Keys manifest to a process of glaciations hence sits on a coral base (Gabler 57). These phenomena point to the existence of limestone beds along the peninsula and the coral reef to the west that has since been covered with sand. According to koppen classification system, Key West city has a relatively mild nature, tropical climate. This is so because Key West lies close to the equator which is also a major factor that can determine the climate of an area as it receives more sunshine. This type of climate can be credited to several factors too. Take for example, the Gulf Stream and the Gulf of Mexico that borders the city to the north and to the west contributes to the average humid conditions linked to this region. Due to the closeness of this area to the sea, the currents bring about the cooling effect as they flow from the sea front onto the mainland.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Climatic Condition of San Francisco an d Key West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This attest to the fact that, cold currents meet with the warm fonts from the northern part during winter. Because of this situation, the temperatures in this region always maintain a figure not less than 10 Â ºC or 50 Â ºF.The month of July is usually accompanied by 26.4 Â ºC and 31.9Â ºC at an average of low and high temperatures in that order. Here, there are two major highlights of climate. The two climatic seasons run from June to October marked by hot and wet, plus humid conditions. The other season commence from the month of November to May. This period features both dry and cool weather circumstances that further explain the reason for the state of the summer conditions. As summer approaches, the heat is moderated with easterly winds and the current from the sea hence forming humid weather patterns (Gabler 54). The hot season between November and April experiences little rain wit h abundant sunshine, while the wet season of May and October receives slightly higher rainfall annually compared to the former with occasional thunderstorms due to the easterly winds. This regulates the precipitation patterns hence the outcome of this process produces low precipitation on average. Thus, making Key West as the city with the most pronounced dry conditions in the state of Florida. The vegetation of Key West is as varied as the topographical features are concerned. Generally, the environmental features resemble that of the Caribbean even though the Key West islands were formed as a result of sea animals and water plants. The vegetation landscape takes after natural habitats found in areas of high altitude mainly occasioned by upland forests such as maple, pine, oak and tropical species like mahogany and many others. The sea shore exhibit varied vegetation too, like coconut palm, hibiscus trees, and the bougainvillea and papaya species. Exotic species can also thrive her e because of the favorable climate that supports their growth. Consequently, the climate of Key West area is therefore Aw, according to koppen climate classification system. Works Cited Gabler, Robert. The Fundamentals of Physical Geography. California. Barnes Noble, 2008. Print. This essay on The Climatic Condition of San Francisco and Key West was written and submitted by user WildChild to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay

buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay Social psychology refers to the scientific study of the influence of other people, actual or implied in this case on the behavior, pattern and conduct of a person. It is general practice that people do not behave the same I different environs. Obedience A scientist named Milgram studied obedience in depth and came up with various findings relating to the virtue. The study was an effort by a key authority figure to see how students would react to an order that did not conform with their conscience in that it was an unacceptable act. The aim of the goal was to find out how exactly the subject being ordered would react in this kind of environment, given set of conditions that orders were being communicated vertically. The study involved participants who drew papers to decide who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. Both papers read teacher and the actor said he had the role of the learner to play. This implied the participant would always be the teacher. This however was unknown to the subject. The teacher and learner were then separated from a direct reach and visibility of each other. They therefore could not communicate. The confederate (learner) was quick to mention that he had a heart condition to the teacher. (Catherine, 2009) .The teacher responded by asking for an electric shock from the electro shock generator. The learner would ideally have this used on him during the experiment to treat the heart condition. The teacher then received word pairs in a list and was supposed to teach this to the learner. The teacher read the word pairs aloud to the learner later followed by one word of every pair. Four possible answers would then be read and the learner was supposed to press a button to indicate his response. An incorrect answer would warrant administration of a shock to the learner. The voltage was increasing by 15 volts per every wrong answer. A correct answer would warrant progress to the next pair of words. The subjects actually believed that this for every wrong answer the teacher actually administered shock to the learner. The learner had set up a table with a tape recorder connected with the electro shock generator. It played sounds that had been pre-recorded for each shock level. The actor then banged on the wall after some voltage increments and complained of his heart condition. The learner would stop responding. Many people at this point were eager to check on the learner. Some subjects paused at 135 volts wanting to know the purpose of the experiment but after being reassured, it continued. Some subjects would nervously laugh depicting signs of sympathy when they heard screams coming from the learner. The subjects occasionally received signs from the experimenter to continue. The experiment was halted at a voltage of 450 volts. (Robert, 2001). Results Milgram had initially called on students in Yale to predict the behavior of 100 hypothetical teachers. Many argued that very few teachers (0-3%) would actually inflict a voltage of 450 volts. Milligrams colleagues also had the opinion that very few subjects would progress under this voltage. Milgram concluded that obedience without confomity to ones conscience is disturbing. The subjects were finding it difficult to continue adding more voltage on the learner. The findings were: Adults would go to great lengths in trying to follow an order. Ordinary people doing their jobs can become agents of destruction Conformity Solomon Asch decided to study conformity i.e. the tendency of an individual to follow the unspoken rules and patterns of a group in which he belongs. He accepted out a sequence of experiments intended to demonstrate the power of conformity in groups. Students were instructed that they would engage in a vision test. The subjects did not know that the other participants were to assist the experimenter in that it was planned. The confederates at first answered the questions correctly but eventually started giving wrong answers. Results 75% of all the participants went down with the rest of the collection at least one time. The results later indicated participants had given the wrong answer at least one third of the time. This is after tallying of different results had been done. The participants ability to tell the length of the line was tested. They were supposed to write down their ideas on papers which would then be scrutinized. The results indicated that the participants were very accurate. They had chosen the correct answer approximately 985 of the time. The experiment also tried to determine the consequences of the number of people on conformity. There was virtually no effect on the participants answers when only one confederate was present. Presence of two confederates showed some slight result. The level of conventionality seen with three or more confederates was very significant. Asch establishes out that having one of the confederates give the accurate answer while the rest giving an incorrect one lowered conformity significantly. Just 5-10% of the applicants conformed to the rest of the group. Morris and Miller have supported this finding to the extent that the presence of social support is important if conformity has to be combated. Students who got the answer right said they avoided giving the same response to avoid being ridiculed. This gave the conclusion that conformity is influenced by both needs to fit in and believe other people are smarter or better informed. This is practical in real life situations where people want to conform to a general pattern. This is in order to avoid being seen as crazy or having an abnormality in the way they think. It I common that in a class of students, majority of the class gives the same answer when expected to answer aloud. This is not because it is true but because they want to conform to a general pattern. (Smith , 2007). Social perception This refers to the part of perception that actually allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. It is an element of social cognition and allows people to determine the effect of other people in their personal life. Altruism Studies the following: ; Unselfish behavior and attitude towards the welfare of others. It conforms to the zeal and urge of an individual to work towards the benefits of others. Intentional behaviors that benefit other persons Behaviors that have no obvious gain for the provider Behaviors that have obvious costs for the provider (time and resources) There are theories that seek to explain what altruism is all about and its characteristic. These include: 1. Hedonism: Selfish acts that seek to benefit the actor in the following ways: (A) Gives emotional satisfaction (B) Reduces negative feelings in the actor 2. Reciprocal Altruism: Natural selection favors animals that are actually altruistic towards each other if the profit to each is greater than the price of altruism. Bystander effect A social psychological phenomenon refers to cases where individuals do not tender help in a crisis to the victim where other people are present. In the past the amount of help has been thought to be inversely proportional to the number of bystanders present. The more the bystanders present in an emergency, the less the likelihood that help will be extended. (David, 2005) This is because each of the present bystanders looks upon the other as also present and expects them to be willing to assist. It is therefore a condition registered in the mind of the bystander. Social Loafing This term as used in social psychology refers to the occurrence where people exert fewer attempts to achieve an objective when they work in a group than when they work alone. It has been known even in corporate organizations and government institutions that when people work in a group without each person having to specialize, they more often than not engage in lazing around at the expense of engaging their minds in the work they are supposed to do. This is because each and every individual relies upon his colleague and believes the work will go to completion despite the circumstances underlying. Groups are therefore less productive sometimes compared to individual assignments. Rope pulling experiments have been used to prove this fact. People during rope pulling exert very little effort since they have the belief in them that it is a collective responsibility. Empathy This is the key ingredient to helping. Empathy felt towards a person helps them regardless of what they gain from it. Relieving a persons suffering is an achievement. The social exchange theory takes control once a person stops feeling empathetic. Batson in his contribution said that people sometimes helped others out of selfish reasons. He was trying to discover a way to distinguish between motives that individuals have. The level of empathy changes with the situation and differs from one person to the other. (Obedience to Authority: An experimental view Stanley Milgram 1974) Empathy has seen the emergence of institutions, some of which are voluntary seeking to help in times of crisis. This promotes better relations in the society and unity is boosted. Buy custom Social Psychology Research Paper essay

Answering Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answering Questions - Assignment Example This lead to the triangular trade by the Portuguese that involved transporting slaves to Europe and bringing back produces of their labor to Africa. Atlantic slavery then continued in Africa and America until 1888 when Brazil abolished it. This trade however enabled Europeans build their capital base and saved the slaves from starvation in famine. It however undermined the dignity and welfare of Africans. The French revolution was brought about by the increased famine and malnutrition and privileges to the first class citizens while the North American was caused by their urge to have independence (Goucher and Walton). The Spanish American had conquered Portugal and Spain and had a great opportunity to carry out changes. However, the revolution in Haiti was as a result of enlightenment of slaves who then called for their rights. The Haiti and Americas cause of revolution was therefore significant in leading to a great economic development in the countries. The transition of revolution has therefore played an important role in taking the countries to great economies and societies with freedom of every citizen. The expansion of overseas trade, availability of capital and the social and political stability in Europe countries facilitated the industrial revolution in Europe. The need for raw materials and other resources for their industries from other countries however made these countries to use their powers to obtain resources. According to Goucher and Walton (2013), this is what linked the industrial revolution to the imperialism. The main factors that could have lead to new imperialism are the cultural beliefs that the whites westerner to make the blacks modernize and the social Darwinism that purports the destruction of weak races was natural to improve species of such races. These factors were not related but they were able to bring almost similar outcomes which were the colonization of the people

Oberation objectives at the Penang mutiars Case Study

Oberation objectives at the Penang mutiars - Case Study Example to cater to all requests of the customers and at the same time maintain its promise of quality service to the visitors by being flexible according to the demand of the situation. Penang Mutiara never  compromises the quality of its service in order to cut back costs. Thus, it becomes clear that the operations management of this hotel is highly appropriate for its strategy. Operation strategy means the â€Å"total pattern of decisions and actions† that sets the activities, objectives and roles of the operation in order that they facilitate as well as provide support to the business strategy of the firm (Nieuwenhuizen 124). Making good ideas, creating products and giving services are among the primary focus of every business, as well as that of each manager, especially the operations managers. Operations management is the function of business that involves â€Å"making products and providing services† (Nieuwenhuizen 114). There are mainly three functions of operation management that are relevant for the success of strategy adopted by Penang Mutiara. They are business implementation strategy, supporter of business strategy and Driver strategy. Business implementation relates with the functioning and implementation of a plan. It is the actions that have to be taken following any initial plans in order for something to really happen. The seco nd function of the operation management is supporter of business strategy and this helps to attain strategic achievement for the hotel. The supporter of the business strategy helps to attain the goals of a  business, and besides the  administrator, the staff also utilizes  this strategy. Driver strategy is another important role of operation management function and it can assist to attain strategic achievement for Penang Mutiara Hotel. This role is defined as the major factor that helps in deciding the failure or success of an industry’s strategy. Managing a hotel of this size is an immensely complicated task, especially so

Politics and the AIDS epidemic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics and the AIDS epidemic - Research Paper Example The part of the world that is affected worst by HIV infection is the sub-Saharan Africa. As of now, their is neither a cure nor a vaccine for AIDS. Thus, combating the disease is a major challenge for health care providers and biomedical scientists. AIDS and HIV infection represents one of the most public -pressing public health policy and public health problem in the world. Currently AIDS is pandemic and has significant impact on the health care costs. In the current era, HIV infection is considered to be in the end stage of a chronic disease with rapid spread among Hispanics and Blacks (Fox, 1990). Though the disease was first identified in 1981, the mode of transmission of the disease and causating agent was discovered only in 1984. In 1985, detection of the virus was developed and applied to blood transfusions. In 1987, anti-retroviral agents were manufactured and since then there has been constant upgrading of drugs to combat infection, but with no cure or vaccine for the diseas e. Currently, it is estimated that 850,000 to 950,000 Americans are living with HIV infection/AIDS (Kates, 2004). The disease is a national epidemic with severe effect on specific groups like injection drug users, gay and bisexual men, young individuals and racial and ethnic minorities. Currently, it is also increasingly affecting communities which are economically backward and also women. Since the time AIDS was diagnosed for the first time in the United States, the relationships among politics, science and health care policy have changed drastically. In the 1980s, the HIV epidemic's politics were dominated mainly by four interacting factors fear and fascination, individuals involved in the contraction and spread of the disease, endemic problems of the social policy of United States and the impact of scientific knowledge advances on policy (Fox, 1990). During the initial years, politics was considered as inimical for prevention, but not it is considered as central. The main challen ge is to facilitate prevention of spread of the virus through policies that protect the most vulnerable population. During the first decade of the AIDS epidemic in the US, the policies were hostile to several areas of research like sexuality and meedle exchange. The political climate last decade was more sympathetic and effective health policies were not there because of two important issues. One was the issue as to whether efforts towards prevention was to be targeted for high risk populations and high risk geographic areas alone, or, must be broadly based. The other was issue was uncertainty of involvement of democratic participation including various local health departments, federal government agencies and community-based organizations (Bayer, 1997). As far as international politics with regard to HIV infection/AIDS is concerned, World Bank has a major role to play for international health with regard to AIDS pandemic. The bank is mainly responsible for various efforts to combat factors contributing to the AIDS like poverty, in countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Initially, several structural adjustment programs which were often criticized by the critics were promoted. These developed several negative consequences and the World Bank, along with International Monetary Fund focused on health related issues. AIDS evoked political response and also government action. It was initially

The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies Essay

The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies Essay The chapter provides a theoretical understanding of cultural capital from the perspective of cultural capital from the perspective of sports consumption. Scholarly journals are reviewed to give readers an understanding of the contribution of cultural capital made in the area of sports. The chapter commences with broad issues concerning the topic and narrowed to focus on the study in Ghana. 2.1 Cultural capital defined Cultural capital surfaced in academic work approximately 25 years ago in the work of Bourdieu and Gouldner, and after that references were made in other fields as evolutionary biology (Cohen, cited in Ahbeysekera et. Al, 2004) a literary criticism (Guillory, 1993). Bourdieu from one angle sees capital as power, in this case the power stems from a communal or structural point which accumulates power for a person to gain an economic advantage in the short or long term (Bourdieu, 1990). From another angle and with reference to linguistic and cultural capital, Bourdieu advances a case that parent of the middle class use cultural capital to propagate and advance their economic fortunes (Bourdieu, 1984). Several studies have attributed cultural capital as being embedded in family background and education and have made connections between value based power and having various types of cultural capital (Gayo-Cal, Savage, and Warde, 2006; Warde, 2006; Warde, Martens, and Olsen. 1999). Bourdieu 1997 identifies the three form of cultural capital as Embodied, Objectified and Institutional cultural capital. Embodied cultural capital is explained as the permanent nature of the mind and body (Bourdieu, 1997). Objectified cultural capital is better explained through its operation. Examples are the interpretation of say, paintings or the ability to play instruments. As Bourdieu point s out one can fully appreciate objectified cultural capital except they can afford its consumption (Bourdieu, 1997; Silva, 2006). This explanation in a way demonstrates how objectified cultural capital is learnt or passed on over time, according to Sullivan, 2001 families with well-resourced cultural capital pass on through a mechanism of hands on tutoring through their free time by attending art exhibitions, theaters, highlighting form the need for education and mannerism. Institutional cultural capital according to Bourdieu is the official and systemized recognition accorded both embodied a nd objectified forms of cultural capital. Through this system the tangible value of the capital is scaled and its extrinsic value made legitimate (Bourdieu, 1997). According to Bourdieu 1984 education through formal means is one of the key sources of cultural capital as teaches learners the intangible values associated with cultural knowledge. The nature of institutional cultural capital in supporting symbolic value shapes and improves society. This form of cultural capital and the social structure it provides makes for a personally advantaged position (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992). In looking at the relationship between cultural capital and social status and also showing the essence of rare highbrow cultural capital to social status, a study conducted indicated that high class socio-economic groups had access and could to relate to an array of cultural capital forms compared to the lower groups (Peterson and Kern, 1996). 2.2 Capital and symbolic power According to Bourdieu 1990 power is imagined as symbolic power created through discretionary values associated with various types of economic, social and cultural capital that people own. One of the crucial points that have come out strongly is the link of cultural capital to symbolic power and how this creates distinction; allowing higher social status in society through symbolic capital. According to Bourdieu 1997 symbolic capital creates benefits through tangible properties, such as material acquisitions, which further puts those who own it at an advantage. This claim for higher power is emphasized and legitimized through symbolic capital (Swartz, 1997). As symbolic systems are established within society these structures shape and inform our habitus and consequently create permanent characters learnt over a period that inform the way people think of the social environment and the way people function in it (Bourdieu, 1990; Swartz, 1997; Edwards, 2009). 2.3 Cultural Consumption of Sports Sporting preferences are made on social and cultural reproduction and class lines along the same directions as the preference for music and the arts (Bourdieu 1978; 1984). He mentioned that various sports are pecked differently in the social and cultural hierarchy. Wilson 2002 states that according to Bourdieu (1978; 1984) each sport requires the suitable taste and preference and a peculiar sets of skills and knowledge to partake which he calls cultural capital. Separation among people is created through taste consumption and acts a means of social distinction among people. A group through its taste and preferences can align or disassociate itself from society and can be used to create some status for the niche separating it from the mass appeal taste of the rest of the group. Holt (1998) argues that the things that are valued in domains as the arts and theater attendance are mystified in rituals of taste and consumption. In the quest to improve ones standing in society and better the lifes of their descendants theres is a perpetual pursuit of improving ones social standing in a progressive manner so as to restore the stratified position. DiMaggio and Useem 1978 summed this up by saying accumulated cultural capital improves opportunities in life by turning this capital advantage into social and economic progress in future. The hierarchies within society are crucial in understanding the kind of people that attend high cultural activities (DiM aggio and Useem, 1978; Matty, 2004; Tampubolon, 2007). It has been identified in a couple of research studies that sport is less developed when compared to other consumption fields. Indeed, it was noted by Warde 2006 that Bourdieu acknowledges the essence of sports and body maintenance in the storage and exhibition of cultural capital. Bourdieu also noted that ones sporting appeal is complimentary to their lifestyle and serves as a distinction from others (Warde, 2006). In his study- cultural capital and the place of sports, Warde 2006 revealed that the high class society had taste for rare sports, not only that but Wilson 2002 in his study- paradox of social class and sports involvement, reinforces Bourdieus framework that those with highly accumulated wealth tend to participate in sports largely but also more inclined to dissociate themselves from circular sports. The type of sports chosen by people to participate in cannot entirely be dependent on the cultural resource factors, as noted by Warde 2006 in his English study, gender, age, ethnicity contributed to the pattern of sports participation. Also, there have been overwhelming support provided in literature that beyond cultural capital ones socio-economic position, education, gender influenced their choice of sporting activity (Sturgis and Jackson, 2003; Gayo-Cal, 2006). 2.4 Patterns of Cultural Capital A survey (2003-2004) conducted by the centre for research into socio-economic change (CRESC) UK to examine nature of cultural capital in the UK and the degree to which cultural capital can aggregate or disaggregate social groups. The survey used 1564 respondents and the results revealed a clear distinction taste, cognition and participation in across gender, education and class across cultural fields among others music, visual arts, dining out (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006; Gayo-Cal, Warde, and Tampubolon, 2005). The groups that had higher education and those within higher social class were highly involved in cultural activity than their lower level counterparts respectively in the area of education and social class. There were indication from the preliminary results that education and the hierarchy of occupation was passed onto generations such that parents with high education ensure that their children get equal or if not better opportunities to ensure better opportunities and rewarding j obs (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006). Along work lines, Bennett et al. 2011 established that employers, managers and professionals are well informed on cultural artifacts in its widest form by lower class with a higher degree of cultural education whether formal or informal. This point was reinforced by Erickson 1996 that managers tend to be more informed on relatively more cultural domains due to their professional function to interact with more people. There is suggestion that occupations embrace professionals with compatible cultural capital merit as the professional are able to appreciate and comprehend occupation standards (Sommerland, 2007) and the amount of cultural capital held can be important (Peterson and Kern, 1996). 2.5 Cultural Capital and Sports It is often usual to see some kind of sports activity in societies irrespective of the part of the world and this can be attributed to wanting to associate with a group. According to Etizen and Sage 2003 sports is counted as part of the few human activities that can bond a community in any part of the world. Weiss 2001 concedes that few people participate in sports for wellbeing but for the majority it is as a result of the quest to align and identify with others and also reinforce their personalities. Consequently sports can be engaged so as to establish ones cultural identity (Stodolska and Alexandris, 2004). Contrary to the above sports can be used as a catalyst for exclusion and propagate selectivity among groups and people. Culturally popular sports are recognized and given more attention giving them more social capital and power (Light and Kirk 2001). For instance social groups including families reproduce social advantages through private school attendance which is recognized for its exclusivity (Light and Kirk, 2001). The absence of partaking in any sports activity is tantamount to societal isolation and this result in anti-social tendencies that pave the way on cutting ones chances of socialization, education and professional ascension (Majumdar, 2003). Cricket in India is a good example of such marked exclusion. Corporate sponsors have branded the game as elitist and the sole preserve of the educated and affluent sine post-independence (Majumdar, 2003). Corporate Institutions have clear policies for player recruitment and they attach a great deal of importance to education; this also is a criteria in terms of their reward system as the level of ones education affects how much salary one receives. There is monopoly through high fees from cricket clubs preventing the less privileged to have access to the sports (Majumbar, 2003). It is paramount to appreciate what leads to the association of particular groups of people with certain sports activities and its function in the reproduction of socio-eco nomic differences in a society (Washington and Karen, 2001). Ii is the duty of incumbent spots managers to ascertain the relationship between sports participation and socio-cultural capital in order to phantom how to equalize this inequality and give the less privileged adequate representation if desired. Globalization has marginalized traditional cultures and ethnic social systems and promoting identical societies (Hochschild, 2006). Despite this global approach of uniformity and the expression of western views sports can also promote the minority groups by playing a role in maintaining foreign identities and keeping dominant national ties (Giossos, 2008; Lee, 2006). International sporting activities like the Olympics, Commonwealth games and FIFA worldcup are avenues for fans and participants to establish and exhibit their cultural affiliation (Yoh, Yang and Gordon, 2008). 2.6 Sports fans and consumption A fan is passionate and committed of a particular sports consumptive object (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). In this regard a fan is a consumer of an organize sport. The term committed shows the level of attachment fans associate with the sports. Fans are also driven to act for the sport. A sport consumption object can be the sport, team or even the organized leaque or personalities like players, coaches/ managers, commentators who are strongly associated with a sport. Several fans exist as they differ in their behavior and motivation (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). Current concepts have focused on team performance as the main driver of fan behavior (Cialdidni et al., 1976; Grove et al., 1991; Mann, 1974; Wann and Dolan, 1994). Our appreciation sports fan is limited and fan motivation and its consequent behavior extend teams and certain situations have no connection to team performance (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998). In addition, most studies have concentrated on ticket sales and game attendance as the ultimate goal in the exchange between sports marketers and fans. Beyond this, sports marketing involve corporate sponsorship, sports prafenelia, sovenirs, stadia branding, sports publications and others (Bandyopadhyaya and Bottone, 1997). Thus the need to shift research study into other areas to fill the gaps identified in fan behavior and consumption. 2.7 Sports consumption- fandom and cults in sports Fan is the short version of fanatic and entreats religion in sporting contest and competitions (Borland and Macdonald, 2003). Fandom is part of the system of sports instituted so that people can be part of the game without partaking (Branscombe et al., 1991). The concept inspires social advantages as togetherness, belongingness and fraternity but also self-esteem (Zillman et al., 1993). Fans get ecstatic by the mere fact that they are fans (Kimble and Cooper, 1992). This passion and energy which is transformed into the mood of the fans is determined by the sport they are supporting and the outcome of a game lingers onto other unrelated activities immediately after (Hirt et al., 1992). He also defines fandom as an association to a sport/ team with great deal of emotional importance and treasure from this membership (Hirt et al., 1992). A follower of sport does not translate to mean they are fans (Funk and James, 2001). Further distinction is provided on what constitutes a follower and a fan of sports, followers witness a game without much attachment but fans are passionate in supports and transcends beyond watching a game, they are committed on a daily basis (Jones, 1997). Several distinctions have been made between who a follower of a sport is compared to a fan and this borders on the degree of emotional attachment and level of commitment offered by the supporter (Anderson, 1979; Hunt et al., 1999; Stewart and Smith, 1997; Tapp and Clowes, 2002; Pimentel and Reynolds, 2004). According to Wann and Pierce (2003) the accuracy of measurement of the level of identification/commitment is essential to sports psychologists and marketers due to the fact that the degrees of response of sports fans are usually a function of their commitment and level of association with the sport. Sports consumption creates fandom as seen above and this has the tendencies of creating cults in sports. As witnessed earlier in the section being a part of like-minded people is rewarding and one of the key ingredients of cult and cult brands is that they maintain the distinction that keeps their members together (Atkins, 2004) and therefore alienate others by this same argument. On the surface it may seem that cult is non-existent in the domain of sports as this is usually associated to religion. It has been argued that sports is competitive, versatile and a personal activity contrary to religion which is grounded on a communal system and is non-competitive in nature (Prebish, 1993). A sport is likened to religion and because it is rooted in a natural cause (Novak, 1995). Further, Brody (1979) that the joint nature of supporters of organized sports is partly religious in nature. The important point is how groupings are created and the resulting in exclusion of others. According to Percy and Taylor (1991) followers of teams maintain rituals of essential symbolic artifacts as apparels, food and type of allies they choose which are sacred in the ritual of sports. 2.8 Sports Affiliation Membership of a group is driven by the aspiration to keep a distinction from other social groups (Madrigal, 2002). An aspect of membership identification and affiliation is the act of rites such as gathering souvenirs, match attendance and considering the sport as part of ones identity. There is strength and a sense of identity in associating with a group. There is difficulty in creating self-images in the absence of group association (Tajfel, 1982). Closer ties with a group allow individuals to borrow the positive traits of a group for oneself and take on more commonality with others within the group (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998; Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Cultural capital is gained by sports fans through the adoption of labels (Richardson, 2004) from the group- the appreciation of how to consume in the socially sanctioned manner. 2.9 History of Ghana Sports The subject of cultural capital and Ghana sports can be located in the countrys sporting history and particularly football and the love the people of Ghana have for the game. Ghana has a rich football heritage with a great deal of chronicled successes, includes memorable milestones as producing Arthur Wharton, the first black professional footballer in the English game (Ghanaian Times. 2011: 29); Ghana won the African Cup of Nations football tournament four times. Football clubs like Accra Hearts of Oak have chalked over 100 years with enviable local and continental record: Hearts won the first ever football league in Ghana, an unprecedented six consecutive occasions, an unbeaten season and three continental- Confederations of Africa (CAF) trophies (Daily Graphic, 2012:31). Football is a competitive sport in Ghana attracting huge following and its nature of consumption is diverse. Football has produced fan groups along ethnic and regional lines in the country and families have a gene ration of loyalty to particular clubs. Above all, sports in Ghana tend to follow Bourdieus idea of distinction in consumption by virtue of ones cultural capital and appreciation of a sport. Golf, has only received some attention in the country in recent years due to the enormous attraction it receives from corporate institutions. Golf is second to football as far as private sector sponsorship funds is concerned (Anonymous, 2007). The overarching institution in charge of sports in the country is the National sports and came to effect through a presidential declaration. The National sports council is in place to improve, promulgate, and manage sports in the country with aim of fostering nationalism and professionalism that drives consistent wealth creation and infrastructural improvement (Anonymous, 2007). It is interesting to note that a similar institution the Gold Coast Amateur Sports Council existent in the Gold Coast, then Ghana established under the enactment of Ordinance 14, 1952 (www.sportscouncil.com.gh).

Rip Van Winkle and Romanticism :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

Rip Van Winkle and Romanticism    In the world of literature, there are many types of writing that an author can take to express his ideas. Their topics can be explained through life experiences, biographies, poetry, or other forms of literature. One of the forms that authors use is Romanticism. There are many qualities that define the different viewpoints of Romanticism.   Rip Van Winkle, “Thanatopsis,” and “The Cross of Snow” are all examples of writing from the period of Romanticism.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rip Van Winkle is a story written by Washington Irving.   This was a story mainly about a lazy man who did not want to do any type of work, at home or at work. He was said to be useless on his farm, his land and property falling to pieces.   Irving says, “The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor”(p. 156 1st paragraph), which was just one of Irving’s many uses of inflated language.   Madame Van Winkle would always nag on Rip constantly, to do work around the house and possibly even help to raise their children.      Perhaps the nagging of his wife and his dread of labor is what Rip escaped from when he spent a good amount of his time at the village’s small inn in town.   “Here they used to sit in the shade, through a long lazy summer’s day, talking listlessly over village gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing.” (p.157) Even in the security of his peers, his wife would track Rip down, and scold all the men for being among each other, instead of being at home with their families.   These surprise visits are what led to Rip’s escape into the Kaatskill Mountains.    After wandering with his gun and his close companion Wolf, Rip tracks himself into the upper parts of the Mountains.   Soon after, Rip comes across a stranger who was carrying what looked like a keg of liquor.   So with the help of the Hollands, which is Dutch Gin, and a whole day of hiking, Rip fell into a deep, solemn slumber.   But when he woke up, he did not know how long he had slept or where both of his companions had gone off too.   He rises from his spot, and with his aged gun, he heads back to town, trying to find an excuse for his angry wife as for why he had been gone for so long.

Death of a Salesman Context Essay

Death of a Salesman is a play that consists of a HISTORICAL background which is key to understanding the play. It was written in 1949, just a few years after the World War ll was over, meaning the United States, where the play occurs, was going through many changes. For example, the war caused an increase in industrial production markets and non-farming business. For the poorest Americans, however, the economic situation was not improved as America started having high inflation, causing problems for the poorest citizens to purchase the basics. Also, the government started to create policies which helped larger corporate farmers but not smaller farmers. Happy, a sales clerk and Biff, a farm worker, had the lowest-paid jobs in the country, leading them to some trouble in maintaining dignity in society. For Americans, dignity and pride were very important things. Due to their victories during the war, Americans felt proud and had a feeling of superiority over the world. This lead to the ir need of proving that capitalism was better than communism. Because of this, Americans felt responsible for protecting their nation from any influences from communist Soviet Union. This period of time where Americans felt the obligation to achieve financial success in order to show gratitude for the liberty they had as a democratic society and also to defeat the Soviets is now called the Cold War era. During this period of time, people like Willy relied too much on long-term credit to show they were financially successful and ended up having trouble in giving their families the basics. In the play, this Cold War attitude is shown by Willy’s preoccupation with his position in society and financial status. Willy’s worry also represents some of the SOCIAL context in the play as he fears not being accepted in society; he wants to be â€Å"well liked†. American society changed after WWll. Before, people were motivated by morals and rules but after the Cold War era started, Americans became motivated bywhat others thought of th em. Willy represents the people in American society who lost their identity due to their need to achieve social standards. This idea is reflected at the end of the play where Biff says that Willy â€Å"didn’t know who he was.† This social change may have been a cause of POLITICAL change because, as a result of The Great Depression, American government became more influential on citizens’ daily lives.  Because of this, and also due to an increase in media communication such as radio and television, Americans started to feel like they belonged to a large, connected society and along came a desire to be accepted by their peers in society. Miller also shows some of the CULTURAL background behind the play through three of his main characters: Willy, Ben and Biff as the three of them, similar to many Americans at the time, show they are eager to achieve â€Å"The American Dream†. Two versions of the American Dream are mentioned in the play. One is represented by Willy, focused mostly on money which was a way Americans found to show they had the â€Å"freedom and liberty† to purchase material goods. The other version is shown through Biff and Ben with their â€Å"go West, young man† mythology representing the dream of having the liberty for new adventures. Leticia Hosang

George Custer essays

George Custer essays I have chosen to write on the life and times of George Armstrong Custer; perhaps one of the most controversial and misunderstood figures in United States military history. In this paper I will talk about the life of Custer, his background, career, schooling, marriage, military service, and ultimately his untimely death at the Battle of Little Bighorn. My thesis statement for this paper is the following: George Armstrong Custer led a distinguished military career in the U.S. Army, despite being flamboyant, taking unnecessary risks, and repeatedly disobeying orders. He remains one of the best-known figures in U.S. history. At the conclusion of this paper, I hope to have instilled in you a greater knowledge of Custer, as well as make you see why so many people are intrigued with this man who died almost 130 years ago. George Armstrong Custer was born on December 5th, 1839 in New Rumley, Ohio. His parents, Emanuel and Maria Custer owned a blacksmith shop. His father also served as the local sheriff. To his family, George Custer was known as Autie. He got this nickname as a child after referring to himself by this name. Custer had four siblings, and by all accounts the Custer household was very inclusive, full of love, and very close-knit. As a child, both Emanuel and Maria Custer lavished affection upon all their children, however, George Custer was seen as special to both his parents and to his siblings. He was bright, dedicated, curious, and impulsive, and always seemed to know and get what he wanted. He also got into trouble around town, and was known for the practical jokes he would play on people (Jeffry Wert, Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer, p. 18-19). When Custer was six years old he began attending a one-room school in New Rumley. Although Custer was definitely bright and full of common sense when it came to the real world, when it came to school Custer was not that bright. Cust...

Analysis Case Studies

Analysis Case Studies Analysis Case Studies Analysis Case Studies: You Will Find Some Help Here! Probably, a lot of case studies could be considered as the reflection of business deals: the reader imagines he/she is a manager and he/she is able to find the solution of some current issue. Actually, the most of case studies imply the presence of clear decision, however sometimes situation requires almost absolute inaction. Before you are going to be occupied with a case study analysis, first, try to figure out the purpose and structure of the case study. First, you should look through the case carefully, single out the key factors and then you may follow our guideline. Do not neglect the possibility to read the text several times: it will help you to understand the organizations issue better. Analysis Case Studies: Main Steps When you have processed the information thoroughly, you could start your writing with the following manual that will ease your work under case study analysis:Examine and Take a Deep Analysis of the C ompany, Its History and Development. Definitely, a companys presence and future could be reflected in the past. So, make a critical review of organizations history, its origins, path of development, possible ascend and descent, inner structure before your case study analysis; Define Advantages and Disadvantages of Investigated Company. Now, when you have collected the necessary information about the organizations historical path, keep on writing your case study analysis by searching the weak and strong sides of the company. It means you can identify that the company has a lack of big funds, however, it always stand against the hard competitiveness in the climate of constantly changed market; Describe External Environment and Companys Position. This kind of sub-analysis let us to find threats and opportunities from the outside. There are the threats of sudden competitors appearance, change in the exchange rate, economical instability and import of more qualitative pr oducts; Provide a Wide Analysis of Gathered Information. In other words, provide the comparison between your finding from point 2 and conclusions from point 3. Try to figure out the companys potential on the market, its position in the competitive field, and think about the possible changes and improvements for this organization; Determine Corporate Policy. It means you identify and find the companys mission, corporate strategy, intentions and purposes. Define, what type of business does the company occupied in? Describe Companys Business Strategy. It will help you to understand and analyze the business potential of every organization, find out the main weapons in the competitive wars, and identify the management, marketing setting and so on; Think, How Does the Company Realize the Goals? It some kind of inner structure and controlling systems examination, and identification of companys business tools; it also includes the hierarchical working structure, ethical culture, staff policy, system of rewards and other factors; Provide Conclusions. Each part of your analysis is finalized by your personal recommendations for the organization. Every recommendation you give should be directly connected with your case study analysis; Thereby, the aim of any case study is to demonstrate your own views, based on the researches and personal experience, on the actual problems that the selected company is facing.