A Trully Hero Odysseus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2015 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Odyssey Essay Did you like this example? The Odyssey, created by Gareth Hinds is a translation based on Homers epic poem, and it is a graphic novel telling the story of Odysseus, a mortal man and the King of Ithaca. He leaves for the Trojan War when his son, Telemachus, is only a baby. Odysseus and his crew confront a lot of problems, but most of time, always find a way to escape them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Trully Hero Odysseus" essay for you Create order When his crew makes a fatal mistake though, Odysseus finds himself trapped on the island of Ogygia, and home of the Nymph Calypso. The poem tells of his hardships trapped by Calypso to when he defeats the suitors that infest his home. Odysseus gets help by the gods to help him escape this land in which he is trapped. The gods dont always help him though. He has struggles with some of these gods on his way back to his homeland where suitors ask for his wifes hand in marriage: due to Odysseus appearing dead to many. Through this hardship, Odysseus expresses many values in the Odyssey to himself and his comrades: suggesting that he is a hero. A hero in modern times is considered to be a person with exceptional courage, achievements, and noble qualities according to merriam-webster.com. Two values truly show that he is a hero for our times: his great leadership through tough times and his great use of self-control. Odysseus encounters many hardships along the way of returning home, and even when he arrives home, but no matter the hardship Odysseus shows exceptional leadership to the people he leads, showing a great quality for a hero in our times. One of these situations is shown when Odysseus and his men get trapped in the cave of Poseidons son, the cyclops Polyphemus. When Polyphemus realizes that Odysseus and his men are trapped in his cave, he has the intention to eat every one of them. Odysseus knows that he will not stop no matter what they do, and hell never let them go: After devouring two of my men, the cyclops lay down to sleep. He [does] not fear us, for even if we could kill him, we could not possibly move that giant stone. We [are] trapped (98). Odysseus then knows the only thing to do is to devise a plan to escape the cave with his crew. Odysseus comes up with the plan after four of his men are devoured, but he wants to make a flawless plan that will get as many of his crew out that he possibly can. Odysseus follows through with the plan after two more of his crew are devoured: first he gives Polyphemus the strong wine. Polyphemus seems to like the wine and wants to give a Odysseus a gift: Your gift, [Odysseus], is that I will eat you last! (101). This truly highlights that Odysseus needs to make the plan right, or Polyphemus would truly kill them in the harshest way. The wine makes Polyphemus fall asleep, and gives Odysseus time to poke his eye with a sharpened hot log. This causes him to scream in pain, calling Odysseus by his given name, Nobody: Nobody! Nobodys trying to kill me! (104). When no one responds do to Odysseus trickery, Polyphemus finds the boulder blocking the exit and moves it: this was Odysseus plan. He and his crew also have to get past the cyclops, and so they attach themselves to the bottom of the Polyphemus fleecy rams. This allows them to slip right past him, and allowing them to escape. Although some of his men die, Odysseus acts as quickly as he can to form a perfect plan that allows most to escape unharmed. This truly shows that Odysseus is a great leader and is never willing to give up on him and his comrades, and he is always willing to lead even under the worst of circumstances. Another example of Odysseus great leadership is shown when Odysseus has to confront Scylla. Odysseus knows that Scylla, the six-headed monster, will kill and devour six of his men. Odysseus also knows that fighting back against the creature wont pay off, and all the creature would do is continue to devour his men. Odysseus asks if he can defeat Scylla, Circe respond s, Stubborn old campaigner, put that idea out of your mind. She is too terrible by far. If you stop to fight, she will take six more [of your men]. No, tell your men to row for their lives. That is your only chance (138). Odysseus chooses to listen to Circes warning words and keeps the crew in the dark about the creature: this is because it would cause them to freeze up allowing more of his men to get devoured by Scylla. Even though he knows he cant defend his men entirely, he still arms himself to possibly protect his men. When Scylla attacks, only six of his men were devoured. Although, it was still six and not zero, and he still has the best intention to protect his men from all that may harm them. Also, the first six men he has no control over, and he does his best to not lose any more. Another example of Odysseus appearing to be a exceptional leader is when he leads his men to victory against the suitors. Odysseus is looking to take vengeance on the suitors for taking advantage of his home and trying to take his wifes hand in marriage. He wants to make sure that failure isnt an option. He spends a long time disguised as the stranger who begs and only gives news of Odysseus. Little did anyone know that he is Odysseus. He tells Telemachus of his return and gets everything ready for the fight. He has every advantage against the suitors, and one example of this is said by Odysseus during the meeting with Telemachus: When it is time, I will give you a nod. At that signal, gather up all of the weapons in the hall and lock them in the store room (168). Odysseus takes every possible outcome and does his best to combat that bad outcome from occuring. When this battle takes place, you can see that the planning pays off. Odysseus takes time to prep, leading his people to victory with those advantages. If he just ran into the fight with his comrades and no advantages, his leadership would look poor do to the vast majority of people against them. He could have lost many more men do to a lack of carelessness. These examples show a clear pattern of Odysseus showing exceptional leadership skills. Leadership, in terms of today, is looked upon as a great trait for that o f hero. Some may argue that he isnt a good leader do to the fact that he loses many men. In some of these situations, he cant prevent losing some men, but instead makes sure that he can save as many, if not all, of his men from danger. This shows Odysseus to be a great leader and a hero for our times. Odysseus has many points in the epic poem when he could have ran straight into conflict or could have been reckless, but he takes that and does just the opposite. Odysseus great use of self control in these situations help him to being a great hero for our times. One example of this heroic trait is shown when Odysseus takes his time to strike against Polyphemus. Odysseus knows when Polyphemus eats two of his men that hes be trapped, but he takes time to think of a plan that would help him and his crew escape with as little casualty as possible: [Odysseus] racked [his] brain for a plan that would let us escape alive from the clutches of that brute (99). If Odysseus were to simply attack Polyphemus without self-control to think of a flawless plan: he would have lost many lives. This is bad in itself, but they also wouldnt have been able to move the boulder. This could lead to starvation and more death. Odysseus self-control in this situation keeps him from being reckless which would not make him a hero for our times. Secondly, Odysseus appears as the stranger for a good amount of the epic poem. This is to make sure that he is concealed from the suitors and even the people that he knows. This gives him the time he truly needs to plan against the suitors. Odysseus then comes out of the stranger to Telemachus, who will help him with his plan. Odysseus says, No questions yet [Telemachus]. I must make a plan to slay the vermin who infest my palace [. . .] (167). This quote truly shows that he wants to make a perfect plan, and this is shown because he will not even take questions from his son that hes been away from for so many years. Hes so set on making a perfect plan that he completely ignores his sons possible questions. He wants to make sure the suitors pay as soon as possible with a perfect plan and no room for failure. After the meeting with Telemachus, Odysseus goes back into the form of the stranger. This shows that Odysseus is truly using self-control and, like he said, make a plan to slay the [suitors] who infest my palace. Odysseus even goes into his home as the stranger and sees what the suitors do to others and his very own wife. Even when, he still keeps to his character. This truly shows that Odysseus is wanting the advantages and using self-control, and making him look even more like a hero for our times. Lastly, during the fight against the suitors, Odysseus comes across two innocent men that were within his home during the time he was away. One of the men is the bard, Phemius, and another man named Medon the herald. Both of these men do nothing to throw down the name of Odysseus. Neither of them take advantage of his wife or the vast amount of food offered. Odysseus could have killed them along with the rest of the suitors and not hear their pleas, but he did hear their pleas: King Odysseus, I [Phemius] throw myself on you mercy. I am a minstrel, gifted by the gods with song. I never wanted to come here but was forced by the suitors (226). Telemachus also stands by their pleas saying, Dont kill him! [Phemius] speaks truly (226). This shows exceptional self-control in Odysseus based mainly on the fact that he could ignore them and just kill them. Instead though, he takes time to hear them out and spare them due to keeping honor to Odysseuss name. With all of these pieces of evidence along with many other examples of his exceptional self-control, I can conclude that Odysseus having this trait helps him look like a hero. This is also the case for our times, self control in the modern day is much va lued in a hero, and since Odysseus has this and shows it often he looks like a hero for our times. Odysseus being a hero in our times is quite a hard thing to distinguish on both sides as what he is more of, but his great self control and his great leadership truly shine a light on him being a great hero and role model for our times in the United States. Both of these qualities are looked for in people of our times. A hero is a person of exceptional noble qualities, courage and achievements. Odysseus has many noble qualities, and two being his self-control and leadership. Odysseus also is mainly recognised for contributing in the victory of the Trojan War and his story. He goes through many hardships with the gods and pays vengeance to the people that take advantage of his wife and his home. He also shows courage in the many things he does to make it back to his home and fight when he gets there. Odysseus shows all the traits of being a great hero in modern times, and he truly is one.

Brain-Based Learning and Teaching - 1748 Words

Throughout the course of history many people in time had no idea that many creatures of life had brains. With remarkable breakthroughs in technology and through human ability to take pictures of the human brain through head scans, scientists have discovered and mapped out the human brain. As neuroscientists understand how the brain works, discovery of brain-based learning has been a growing field ever since. Education is extremely important for human beings because the more educated we are as a society the better we contribute to society. Knowledge is extremely powerful and as a future educator, understanding how the brain works and developing lesson plans surrounding the inner workings of the brain will allow learning to manifest in the†¦show more content†¦I shadowed a teacher at a local area high school who taught biology for a straight week for field experience. I was utterly shocked as I sat there the entire time without ever moving from my seat for six hours. I did get up and go to the faculty room to eat lunch just so I could stretch. I realized then, how important movement was in a classroom. For these high school students, the ability to take a five minute walk from one classroom to another classroom was probably the highlight of their past fifty minutes. Education is not simply just sitting in a classroom and acting like a coral reef sponge soaking up and digesting the waves of information flowing from the mouth of a teacher. Learning is an active process therefore students should be active in learning. The senses incorporated in the classroom are also vital in the success of active learning in the classroom. Humans have five senses, unless you are Haley Joel Osment and have a sixth one that allows you to see ghosts, but five nonetheless. Sight, touch, taste, sound, and smell are all located in different parts or lobes of the brain. All the senses are intertwined with memory in the brain. 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When this occurs, students are unable to take in the necessary concepts being taught to them and therefore, create an attitude towards learning that lacks academic drive andRead MoreThe Hemispheres of the Brain: Differences in Traits and Learning1815 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Hemispheres of the Brain: Differences in Traits Learning Abstract The human brain is a wondrous invention that has many scientists and researchers very busy to this very day. There are numerous qualities about the brain humans know about, yet there are still a great number of mysteries to the brain and how it functions left to be discovered and shared. Some facts scientists do know about the brain is that it is divided into to primary sections, called hemispheres. Each person has a leftRead MoreCognitive Information Processing Versus Brain-Based Learning970 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Information Processing Versus Brain-Based Learning Carla A. 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From this point, Id be exploring the reasons why a thematic approach should be adoptedRead MoreThe 12 Principles And Its Implications For Brain Based Instruction1311 Words   |  6 Pages12 principles synthesize research related to the brain and learning from many disciplines and present it in a form that is useful to educators. These functions can be used a theoretical foundation for brain based learning and offer guidelines and a frame work for teaching and learning. The following are the 12 principles and its implications for brain based instruction 1. ( Each Brain is Unique) Every brain is uniquely organized: Teaching should be multifaceted for English learners and expressRead MoreThe Left Brain vs. The Right Brain: How Does This Impact Learning;810 Words   |  4 Pagesof their brains? Or that you’re a right or left brain thinker? Well there has been a lot of research done to figure out exactly how to figure what side of the brain you think with most and how our brain functions and operates. Doctors, scientists and psychologists have all looked deep into the brains anatomy to help figure out the different functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and how to identify dominant learning styles and characteristics. â€Å"The side of the brain we tendRead MoreTeaching Strategies When Dealing With The Adolescent Brain.1175 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Strategies when dealing with the adolescent brain The adolescent brain is still in the development process and will therefore require compatible strategies for learning. Research has shown that the brain undergoes a period of increased production of gray-matter during early adolescence. Nerve impulses are generated by the gray matter which handles processing of the brain’s information, while white matter transfers brain information from one lobe to another and then out to the spinal cord

Counselling Journal of College Student Psychotherapy

Question: Discuss about theCounsellingfor Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. Answer: Introduction This write-up strives to provide a reflective summary of premarital counselling survey gathered from 54 participants that include both male and female. It would further analyse the data and support the analysis with ideas obtained from already available and relevant literature. There are 15 questions that include demographic and non-demographic data sets. The 1st question enables the researcher to understand the numbers of male and female participants, who have come for a premarital counselling. This would inform whether female or male population seeks more support prior their marriage. This indicates either male or female needs more support during their transition of life or seeks more satisfaction from marital life. The survey demonstrates majority of the male opted for premarital counselling in Singapore. Martino, (2008) in this regard have mentioned that premarital counselling could be opted by any one, irrespective of the gender and geographical location that is not necessarily indicates any particular gender in terms of premarital counselling. The next question was asked to understand the participants age. The survey included participants ranging from 21 to 65years. The majority of the participants has fallen under the age group of 31-40years. This indicates that individuals fallen within this age group are less likely to divorce, try to understand and avoid the causes of conflicts in a later phase of life. Fark?ndal, (2010) opined that premarital counselling help to identify certain issues, which are irreconcilable that would further support the individuals decide not to marry. The 3rd question demonstrates that the majority of the married individuals has come for premarital counselling, which reflects a feeling of dissatisfaction from a previous marriage. However, it could not be presumed if these individuals have undergone a premarital counselling session earlier that has emerged to be unsuccessful. The majority of the participants has agreed to the fact that they are aware of premarital counselling that further support trust and awareness of the advantages of premarital counselling. This data could further be supported by Fawcett et al. (2010), who stated that people in Singapore are aware of the programs and courses (relationship and prevention enhancement program, marriage program for citizen-foreigner couples) offered by the Ministry of Family and Social Development ("Preparing for Marriage", 2016). A qualitative question on the significance of premarital counselling shows individual participants have their own perceptions and beliefs regarding counselling. Participants believe that counselling evaluates the relationship, prepares mentally, reveals the expectations of marriage, manage expectations, develops better understanding between the two, and involves spiritual aspects and so on. Fark?ndal (2010) opined that counselling is a process to enrich and enhance premarital associations that lead to more stable and satisfactory marriages and prevent divorce. It is evident that the majority of the respondents has not opted for premarital counselling before. From this it could be mentioned that for better marital life, majority of them have opted for counselling. Majority of the respondents do not know anyone already undergo counselling and have a successful marriage. However, just 1% of the participants mentioned that they know people who receive no fruitful marriage counselling. 35% agreed with positive result of counselling prior marriage. Yilmaz Kalkan, (2010) in their study demonstrated that 87% individuals agreed to the positive results of counselling. On the other hand, some believe that results of counselling emerge to be effective after the first few years of marriage. This is because after few years it becomes easy for the individuals to forget about each other needs that further gives rise to various conflicts. Almost 72% of the participants believe that counselling leads to marital satisfaction. Mirecki et al., (2013) have explored that higher level of satisfaction from marriage is achieved after second marriage and the factors associated with this are increased experience and education. So, the study provides a strong support that premarital counselling leads to marital satisfaction. Majority of the respondents has denied the fact that finding premarital counselling services in Singapore is difficult. This further shows that individuals seek for premarital counselling and adequate supports are available in Singapore. While analysing the factors that are highly associated with marital conflicts, it is seen that people have voted communication the higher among the three parameters (communication, money and sex). Lack of communication between individuals and their spouse may aggravate a simple situation. Mahaffey (2010) in this regard has stated that couples should keep a quality time to spend together and communicate more with each other to avoid the chance of miscommunication. Another qualitative question asked to the participants that enabled the researcher to understand their perception behind considering communication as a major issue. Majority of them believe that due to time mismanagement couples fall short to adequately communicate with each other that starts accumulating concerns between the two and basic needs are ignored. Majority of the responded denied the fact that premarital counselling should be done as a consequence of religion. Kellems et al., (2010) in this regard have mentioned that religion has no direct linkage. However, if two individuals are from different religion then there might be a need to help them to recognize common problems in order to solve them. Majority of the respondents believe that six months before marriage is the best time to go for premarital counseling. This could be because couples receive more time to work on their crisis or try to seek help from counselor considering particular issues (Yilmaz Kalkan, 2010). They could also decide on whether they want to be or not to be in the relationship in future. Participants believe that more than 4-6sessions are necessary for premarital counseling. This is probably due to the notion that more sessions would provide the couples with chances to solve encountered issues by visiting the counsellor (Mahaffey, 2010). Participants agreed to the fact that they would recommend premarital counseling to their friends and families, who are planning to get married due to positive consequences of counseling sessions, which include increase in effective communication, spending more time together, take active part in solving issues mutually that would reduce the chance of divorce, enhance and enrich marital life. References Fark?ndal, E. . G. D. (2010). Awareness of Premarital Genetic Counselling among Youth Corpers in South-West Nigeria.TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin,9(6), 575-578. Fawcett, E. B., Hawkins, A. J., Blanchard, V. L., Carroll, J. S. (2010). Do Premarital Education Programs Really Work? A Meta?analytic Study.Family Relations,59(3), 232-239. Kellems, I. S., Hill, C. E., Crook-Lyon, R. E., Freitas, G. (2010). Working with clients who have religious/spiritual issues: A survey of university counseling center therapists.Journal of College Student Psychotherapy,24(2), 139-155. Mahaffey, B. A. (2010). Couples counseling directive technique: A (mis) communication model to promote insight, catharsis, disclosure, and problem resolution.The Family Journal,18(1), 45-49. Martino, S. (2008). "Relating" to each other: Couples' engagement in premarital counseling.Psyccritiques,53(43). https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012017 Mirecki, R. M., Chou, J. L., Elliott, M., Schneider, C. M. (2013). What factors influence marital satisfaction? Differences between first and second marriages.Journal of Divorce Remarriage,54(1), 78-93. Preparing for Marriage. (2016).MSF Corp Web. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://app.msf.gov.sg/Policies/Marriages/Preparing-for-Marriage Yilmaz, T., Kalkan, M. (2010). The Effects of a Premarital Relationship Enrichment Program on Relationship Satisfaction.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice,10(3), 1911-1920.

A behaviourist’s approach to therapy free essay sample

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain maintain it. Discuss and a behaviourist’s approach in contrast to a psychoanalytic one. Introduction In this essay I will be demonstrating a knowledge of the main behaviourist principles and approach, and how they can be related to maladaptive behaviour. I will then compare this approach with the psychoanalytical approach, evaluating the different approaches and considering the ethical issues. Maladaptive behaviour and the Behaviourist principles Maladaptive behaviours refer to behaviours that inhibit a person’s ability to adjust to particular situations. This behaviour is often used to reduce one’s anxiety, but the result is dysfunctional and non-productive. For example, avoiding situations because you have unrealistic fears may initially reduce the anxiety, but is non-productive in alleviating the actual problem long term. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on A behaviourist’s approach to therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. Behaviourists are unique among psychologists in believing that it is unnecessary to speculate about internal mental processes. The behaviourist theory believes that cultural and sub – cultural conditioning moulds and shapes behaviour and subsequently the personality. Behaviourists also believe that people are born with only a handful of innate reflexes and that all of a person’s complex behaviours are the result of learning through interaction with the environment. They also assume that the processes of learning are common to all species and so humans learn in the same way as other animals. A human being, according to the behaviourist, has his life determined for him since he is the product of the culture that causes him to be as he is. The theory therefore, is very deterministic. To the behaviourist, normal behaviour results from acceptable conditioning and abnormal behaviour results from defective conditioning. The behaviourist isn’t concerned in what developmental processes may have influenced a person’s behaviour. They believe that if the patient is taught to understand his environment and how he interacts with it, he will automatically understand himself and his behaviour. The behaviourist functions from the position that if a neurotic behaviour can be learned, then it can be unlearned. In 1924, John Watson a behavioural psychologist, made the notorious claim in his book that ‘if you give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select’. This ideology, later to be called behaviourism, asserted that all psychology must be completely measurable, recordable and scientific. The fundamental principle underpinning this approach was that all behaviour, both ‘normal’ and abnormal, is learned through conditioning. In simpler terms, it proposed that human behaviour is learnt by humans interacting with the world around us as well as the environment operating on us. The development of ‘behaviourism’ at this point in history has since been viewed as a reaction to the psychoanalytical models of human development presented by Freud and the Neo- Freudians which at the time challenged and confused many and appeared to lack scientific rigour. Behaviour Therapies: CAT stands for Cognitive Analytic Therapy and CBT for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. There are similarities between these therapies – both are brief therapies with a limit on the number of sessions; both will offer a focus on a limited range of goals and may use similar ways of helping you keep track of your difficulties, e.g. keeping a diary of a particular problem you want to tackle or how you are making changes. Both are collaborative approaches – working actively with the therapist on your difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) CBT can help you to change how you think (Cognitive) and what you do (Behaviour). These changes can help you to feel better. Unlike some of the other talking treatments, it focuses on the here and now problems and difficulties. Instead of focusing on the causes of your distress or symptoms in the past, it looks for ways to improve your state of mind now. Behaviourism is practical; it concerns itself with behaviours that are incompatible with local community standards. Although there may be causative factors that underlay the target behaviour, (such as emotions like anxiety or anger), behaviourism assumes they do not exist. CBT has been shown to help with many different types of problems. These include: anxiety, depression, panic, phobias (including agoraphobia and social phobia), stress, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and psychosis. CBT may also help if you have difficulties with anger, a low opinion of yourself or physical health problems, like pain or fatigue. CBT can help you to make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts. This makes it easier to see how they are connected and how they affect you. These are:   A Situation a problem, event or difficult situation. From this can follow: Thoughts Emotions Physical feelings Actions Each of these areas can affect the others. How you think about a problem can affect how you feel physically and emotionally. People referred for CBT may have been diagnosed with disorders such as anxiety, panic, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder etc. CBT has specific, research proven ways of working with such clients using different techniques appropriate for their presentation. People who want to work with their therapist on actively changing their problems tend to do well here. Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) On the other hand, CAT works more interpersonally on relevant, jointly identified issues by creating a working relationship between client and clinician where together they: describe the issues affecting the client  aim to understand their origins in previous relationships and experiences, and importantly, use the relationship between the client and therapist to reflect on how those learnt ways of being take place both in and out of the therapy room: the aim here is to practise both recognition (awareness) and change, both in and out of the room then work focuses on changes that the clien t wants to make now that they feel they have a description and an understanding that makes good sense to them CAT offers a safe and clinically effective therapy intervention for people who wish to work through these underlying issues. Sometimes, people who have symptoms of, for example, anxiety or depression, have a history of abuse, trauma or neglect underlying their symptoms. A relationally focussed therapy like CAT can be helpful as it accesses and reflects on how the difficulties come up in normal life, and that includes the relationship between therapist and client: the goal here is to respectfully and progressively understand and name the difficulties together, as safely as possible. There is a great deal of research evidence to show that CBT works effectively in treating depression. This research has been carefully reviewed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE provides independent, evidence-based guidance for the NHS on the most effective ways to treat disease and ill health. CBT is recommended by NICE for the treatment of anxiety disorders. What can CBT help with? NICE recommends CBT in the treatment of the following conditions: anxiety disorders (including panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder) depression  obsessive compulsive disorder schizophrenia and psychosis bipolar disorder There is also good evidence that CBT is helpful in treating many other conditions, including: chronic fatigue behavioural difficulties in children anxiety disorders in children chronic pain physical symptoms without a medical diagnosis sleep difficulties anger management CBT can be used if you are on medication which has been prescribe d by your GP. You can also use CBT on its own. This will depend on the difficulty you want help with. CBT and eating disorders The eating disorders provide one of the strongest indications for CBT. Two considerations support this claim. First, the core psychopathology of eating disorders, the over evaluation of shape and weight, is cognitive in nature. Second, it is widely accepted that CBT is the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and there is evidence that it is as effective with cases of â€Å"eating disorder not otherwise specified† (eating disorder NOS), the most common eating disorder diagnosis Contrasting the behaviourist approach with a psychoanalytical (Freud/Jungian) one The main differences in approach can best be demonstrated when considering case examples the different behaviourist and psychoanalytical approach. The first example I would choose to help demonstrate this is a middle age woman â€Å"Mrs X†: Mrs X is happily married after an unpleasant childhood during which her mother committed suicide. Mrs X was subsequently bought up by an austere aunt. She does not work and has an 8 yr old daughter. Her husband is a banker and the family are well off, but he works long hours. Recently Mrs X has been feeling depressed and has secretly been drinking and indulging in shopping sprees to cheer herself up. With this client, a therapist adopting behaviourist approach may take the view that Mrs X failed to ‘reward’ herself and did not enjoy life, while living with her aunt. They may suggest that this pattern of behaviour has now persisted into adulthood, and the behaviour of drinking and shopping sprees could be seen as failed attempts to provide herself with ‘rewards’ now. Looking from a cognitive standpoint, the therapist would be interested in what she was thinking as well as feeling and behaving. However, those with a psychodynamic viewpoint would probably be very interested in the death of Mrs X’s mother and the poor support and comfort during childhood. From a psychodynamic perspective, Mrs X’s depression might be related to not being helped to grieve and the poor quality of substitute parenting. A humanist perspective would probably be interested in all aspects of Mrs X’s life, past and present. From a humanist perspective, Mrs X has never had the opportunity to develop a healthy self-image thus she may be unfulfilled and hence her depression might be seen as a lack of personal fulfilment. A second example, to enable me to contrast approaches, is â€Å"Mr Y† a middle aged man. Mr Y is in his forties and discovered he has a talent for jogging. He has entered the London Marathon and despite taking up the sport in recent times, he is tipped to do well. As the day approaches, he trains harder and harder. The only thing stopping him from being completely happy is that he is mourning for this best friend who dies recently from a heart attack. From a behaviourist perspective, the more Mr Y trains, the better he gets. Mr Y can see this, is gaining more energy, and is boosted by workmates comments. He has lost weight, and feels more attractive as a result. All these factors are reinforcing his running and encouraging him to continue. A cognitive aspproach may credit Mr Y in making a logical decision to improve his fitness following the realisation that he is now at an age when not keeping fit may damage his health. A psychodynamic approach might instead focus on the fact that Mr Y’s friend died recently and wonder whether his healthy new behaviour is a response to his own fear of dying. From a humanist perspective, Mr Y has discovered a talent in which he can fulfil himself as a person. Additionally, he is gaining positive regard from others which is boosting his self-esteem. This new found self-esteem is then further inspiring him to achieve all he can in his running. Evaluating the different approaches: To the hard-nosed scientist, the behaviourist approach is generally regarded as ‘good solid stuff’. Theories are easily testable and backed by large bodies of research. The principles can easily be applied in the real world. It emphasises the capacity to change, given an appropriate learning environment. A behaviourist perspective is optimistic and readily lends itself to giving practical help because it emphasises what can change. However, the behaviourist approach reduces the complexity of human behaviour to a few simple principles of learning. Thus, it largely ignores the importance of higher mental processes. From a psychodynamic perspective, behavioural approaches ignore the importance of relationships and the dynamics of families and groups within which learning takes place. CBT does not suit everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. The client needs to be committed and persistent in tackling and improving health problem with the help of the therapist, and they will be taken out of their comfort zone when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly benefited from a course of CBT. The aims of the behavioural psychology – to predict and control behaviour – are also regarded with some suspicion by many psychologists. Such techniques lend themselves equally easily to torture, brainwashing and political oppression. Kohn (1993) has objected to the behaviourist culture of reward and punishment in the workplace, comparing the regime with that of Skinner and his rats. Conclusion The behaviourist approach seems to be highly successful and influential, emphasising the importance of learning behaviour, and this approach places great emphasis on testable concepts and research. The behaviourist approach has many applications centering around powerful techniques for changing people’s behaviour, but the limitations in behaviourism in its purist form seem apparent and few therapists will describe themselves as pure behaviourists. Therefore, many therapists prefer to draw from several approaches to enable a wider understanding of human mind and behaviour, and hence a more expansive and encompassing treatment.